Nuclear and Particle Physics
Author: Satadal Bhattacharyya
Publisher: Universities Press
Contents:
1. PROPERTIES OF NUCLEI
1.1 Constituents of the Nucleus
1.1.1 Electron–Proton Model of the Nucleus
1.1.2 Inconsistency with Uncertainty Principle
1.1.3 Inconsistency with Nuclear Spin
1.1.4 Inconsistency with Magnetic Moment
1.1.5 Neutron–Proton Model
1.2 Nuclear Size
1.2.1 Estimation from Alpha-Ray Scattering Experiment
1.2.2 Observation from Other Scattering Experiments
1.3 Atomic Mass
1.3.1 Mass Spectrometry
1.4 Density of the Nucleus
1.5 Binding Energy
1.5.1 Binding Energy (BE) Curve and Its Importance
1.5.2 Release of Energy in Fission and Fusion
1.5.3 Fall of BE Curve at Small and Large Values of A
1.5.4 Mass Defect and Packing Fraction
1.5.5 Nucleon Separation Energy
1.5.6 Abundance of Stable Nuclei
1.5.7 Coulomb Energy of the Nucleus
1.5.8 Coulomb Energy Difference of Mirror Nuclei and Charge Symmetry of Nuclear Force
1.6 Spin and Parity
1.7 Electric and Magnetic Moments
1.8 Properties of Nuclear Force
Summary
Review Questions and Problems
Hints/Answers to Selected Problems
2. NUCLEAR MODEL
2.1 Liquid-Drop Model of the Nucleus
2.1.1 Applicability of Liquid-Drop Model
2.2 Nuclear Shell Model
2.2.1 Shell Model in Atomic Case
2.2.2 Evidence for Nuclear Shell Model
2.2.3 Introduction to the Nuclear Shell Model
2.2.4 Predictions of the Shell Model
2.2.5 Drawbacks of the Shell Model
2.3 Nuclear Fermi Gas Model
Summary
Review Questions and Problems
Hints/Answers to Selected Problems
3.1 Radioactive Decay Equation
3.1.1 Half-Life and Mean Life
3.1.2 Radioactive Series
3.1.3 Branching
3.1.4 Production of Radioactive Element by Nuclear Bombardment
3.1.5 Successive Disintegration and Radioactive Equilibrium
3.1.6 Radioactive Dating
3.2 Alpha Decay
3.2.1 Energetics of Alpha Decay
3.2.2 Energy Released in Terms of BE
3.2.3 Range of Alpha Particles
3.2.4 Basic Experimental Results
3.2.5 Theory of Alpha Decay
3.2.6 Alpha-Ray Spectrum
3.3 Beta Decay
3.3.1 Beta Spectrum and the Neutrino Hypothesis
3.3.2 Difference between Neutrino and Antineutrino
3.3.3 Violation of Parity in Beta Decay
3.3.4 Energetics of Beta Decay
3.3.5 Selection Rules
3.4 Gamma Decay
3.4.1 Energetics of Gamma Decay
3.4.2 Selection Rule
3.4.3 Internal Conversion
Summary
Review Questions and Problems
Hints/Answers to Selected Problems
4. NUCLEAR REACTIONS
4.1 Nuclear Reactions and Conservation Laws
4.1.1 Representation
4.1.2 Types of Nuclear Reactions
4.1.3 Conserved Quantities
4.2 Energetics of Nuclear Reactions
4.2.1 Energetics in the Laboratory Frame
4.2.2 Energetics in the Centre-of-Mass Frame
4.2.3 Cross-section
4.2.4 Compound Nucleus
4.2.5 Discovery of Neutron
4.3 Fission
4.3.1 Mass Distribution of Fission Fragments
4.3.2 Energy Released in Fission
4.3.3 Spontaneous Fission
4.3.4 Bohr–Wheeler Theory of Nuclear Fission
4.3.5 Emission of Neutrons in Fission
4.3.6 Reaction at High Energy
4.3.7 Utilisation of Fission Energy
4.4 Fusion
4.4.1 Solar Fusion
Summary
Review Questions and Problems
Hints/Answers to Selected Problems
5. INTERACTION OF NUCLEAR RADIATION WITH MATTER
5.1 Energy Transfer in Elastic Collision
5.2 Interaction of Heavy Charged Particles with Matter
5.2.1 Bethe Formula for Stopping Power
5.3 Interaction of Electrons with Matter
5.4 Range of Charged Particles
5.4.1 Range of Alpha Particles: Bragg’s Experiment
5.5 Interaction of Photons with Matter
5.5.1 Photoelectric Effect
5.5.2 Compton Effect
5.5.3 Pair Production
5.5.4 Attenuation of Gamma Rays in Matter
5.6 Detection of Nuclear Radiation
5.6.1 Gas-filled Detector
5.6.2 Ionisation Chamber
5.6.3 Proportional Counter
5.6.4 Geiger–M¨ uller (GM) Counter
5.7 Scintillation Detector
Summary
Review Questions and Problems
Hints/Answers to Selected Problems
6. PARTICLE ACCELERATORS
6.1 Need for Higher Energy
6.2 Linear Accelerator (LINAC)
6.3 Cyclotron
6.3.1 Limitations of the Cyclotron
6.3.2 Magnetic Focussing
6.4 Phase Stability and the Principle of Synchrocyclotron
6.5 Betatron: Principle of Operation
Summary
Review Questions and Problems
Hints/Answers to Selected Problems
7. PARTICLE PHYSICS
7.1 Fundamental Interactions
7.2 Elementary Particles
7.2.1 Leptons
7.2.2 Hadrons
7.3 Conservation Laws
7.3.1 Basic Conservation Laws
7.3.2 Conservation of Lepton Number
7.3.3 Conservation of Baryon Number
7.3.4 Strangeness
7.3.5 Isospin
7.3.6 Violation of Conservation Laws
7.3.7 Charge Conjugation
7.4 The EightfoldWay and the Quark Model
7.4.1 The Eightfold Way
7.4.2 The Quark Model
Summary
Review Questions and Problems
Hints/Answers to Selected Problems
8. NUCLEAR ASTROPHYSICS
8.1 Expanding Universe
8.1.1 A Rough Estimation of the Age of the Universe
8.1.2 Application of Newtonian Mechanics
8.1.3 The Hot Big Bang
8.2 Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
8.2.1 Radiation and Expansion
8.3 First Few Seconds after the Big Bang
8.3.1 Primordial Nucleosynthesis
8.4 Stellar Nucleosynthesis
8.4.1 Fusion in Stars
8.4.2 Hydrogen Burning
8.4.3 Nucleosynthesis for A < 60
8.4.4 Nucleosynthesis for A > 60
Summary
Review Questions and Problems
Hints/Answers to Selected Problems
Appendix A: Penetration of Rectangular Barrier
Appendix B: Parity
Appendix C: List of Physical Constants
Bibliography
Index
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